????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????.?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???:?????? ??????? ?? «???? ?????»: ????? ???????? ?? ????

Reply: One that exhibits an indirect marriage concerning smoking cigarettes and lung most cancers, i.e “cigarette smoking causes X, X brings about lung most cancers”. The main element here is to have a look at “cause” being a direct romance.????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??

?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????

????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????.?????? ??????? : ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????

???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????, ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.??? ???????? ????????: ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????